Collins, W. D, 1998: A global signature of enhanced shortwave absorption by clouds. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31669-31679.

*Cook, B. I., G. B. Bonan, S. Levis, and H. E. Epstein, 2007: Rapid vegetation responses and feedbacks amplify climate model response to snow cover changes.   Clim. Dyn., doi:10.1007/s00382-007-0296z.

*Cook, B. I., G. B. Bonan, and S. Levis, 2006: Soil moisture feedbacks to precipitation in Southern Africa. J. Climate, 19, 4198-4206.

Craig, A., *R. Jacob, B. Kauffman, T. Bettge, *J. Larson, *E. Ong, *C. Ding, and *H. He, 2005: CPL6: The new extensible, high-performance parallel coupler for the Community Climate System Model. The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, 19(3), 309-328, doi:10.1177/1094342005056117.

Dai, A., 2006: Precipitation characteristics in eighteen coupled climate models. J. Climate, 19, 4605-4630.

Dai, A., A. Hu, G. A. Meehl, W. M. Washington, and W. G. Strand, 2005: Atlantic thermohaline circulation in a coupled general circulation model: unforced variations vs. forced changes. J. Climate, 18, 2990-3013..

Dai, A., and K. E. Trenberth, 2004: The diurnal cycle and its depiction in the Community Climate System Model. J. Climate 17, 930-951.

Dai, A., W. M. Washington, G. A. Meehl, T. W. Bettge, and W. G. Strand, 2004: The ACPI climate change simulations. Climatic Change, 62, 29-43.

Dai, A, G. A. Meehl, W. M. Washington, and T. M. L. Wigley, 2001: Climate changes in the 21st century over the Asia-Pacific region simulated by the NCAR CSM and PCM. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 18, 639-658.

Dai, A., G. A. Meehl, W. M. Washington, T. M. L. Wigley, and Julie A. Arblaster, 2001: Ensemble simulation of 21st century climate changes: Business as usual vs. CO₂ stabilization. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 2377-2388.

Dai, A., T. M. L. Wigley, B. A. Boville, J. T. Kiehl, and L. E. Buja, 2001:  Climates of the 20th and 21st centuries simulated by the NCAR Climate System Model. J. Climate, 14, 485-519.

Dai, A., T. M. L. Wigley, G. A. Meehl, and W. M. Washington, 2001: Effects of stabilizing atmospheric CO₂ on global climate in the next two centuries. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4511-4514.

Dai, A., *F. Giorgi, and K. E. Trenberth, 1999: Observed and model simulated precipitation diurnal cycles over the contiguous United States. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 6377-6402.

Dai, Y., R. E. Dickinson, and Y.-P. Wang, 2004: A two-big-leaf model for canopy temperature, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. J. Climate, 17, 2281-2299.

Dai, Y., X. Zeng, R. E. Dickinson, I. Baker, G. Bonan, M. Bosilovich, S. Denning, P. Dirmeyer, *P. Houser, G. Niu, K. Oleson, A. Schlosser, and Z.-L. Yang, 2003: The Common Land Model (CLM). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84, 1013-1023.

Danabasoglu, G., W. G. Large, J. J. Tribbia, P. R. Gent, B. P. Briegleb, and J. C. McWilliams, 2006: Diurnal coupling in the tropical oceans of CCSM3. J. Climate, 19(11), 2347-2365.

Danabasoglu, G., 2004: A comparison of global ocean general circulation model solutions with synchronous and accelerated integration methods.  Ocean Modelling, 7, 323-341. (1.94 MB, pdf)

Danabasoglu, G., and J. C. McWilliams, 2000: An upper-ocean model for short-term climate variability.  J. Climate, 13, 3380-3411. 

Danabasoglu, G., 1998: On the wind-driven circulation of the uncoupled and coupled NCAR Climate System Ocean Model.  J. Climate, 11, 1442-1454.

De Lannoy, G. J. M., *P. R. Houser, V. R. N. Pauwels, and N. E. C. Verhoest, 2006: Assessment of model uncertainty for soil moisture through ensemble verification. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10101, doi:10.1029/2005JD006367.

Deser, C., *A. Capotondi, R. Saravanan, and A. S. Phillips, 2006: Tropical Pacific and Atlantic climate variability in CCSM3. J. Climate, 19(11), 2451-2481.

Dennis, J., A. Fournier, *W. F. Spotz, A. St-Cyr, *M. A. Taylor, S. J. Thomas, and H. Tufo, 2005: High-resolution mesh convergence properties and parallel efficiency of a spectral element atmospheric dynamical core. International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, 19(3), 225-235.

DeWeaver, E., and C. M. Bitz, 2006: Atmospheric circulation and its effect on arctic sea ice in CCSM3 simulations at medium and high resolution. J. Climate, 19(11), 2415-2436.

Dickinson, R. E., K. W. Oleson, G. Bonan, *F. Hoffman, P. Thornton, M. Vertenstein, Z-L. Yang, and X. Zeng, 2006: The Community Land Model and its climate statistics as a component of the Community Climate System Model. J. Climate, 19(11), 2302-2324.

Dickinson, R. E., 2002: Widely awaited Community Climate System Model to be released soon. Eos, 83(11), 119.

Dickinson, R. E., M. Shaikh, R. Bryan, and coauthors, 1998: Interactive canopies for a climate model. J. Climate, 11, 2823-2836.

Diffenbaugh, N. S., 2005:  Response of large-scale eastern boundary current forcing in the 21st century.  Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19718, doi:10.1029/2005GL023905.

*Doney, S. C., K. Lindsay, I. Fung, and J. John, 2006: Natural variability in a stable, 1000-year global coupled climate-carbon cycle simulation. J. Climate, 19, 3033-3054.

*Doney, S. C., K. Lindsay, *K. Caldeira, J.-M. Campin, *H. Drange, *et al., 2004: Evaluating global ocean carbon models: The importance of realistic physics.  Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 18, GB3017, doi:10292003GB002150.

Doney, S. C., K. Lindsay, and J. K. Moore, 2003: Global ocean carbon cycle modeling. Ocean Biogeochemistry: The Role of the Ocean Carbon Cycle in Global Change, M. J. R. Fasham, Ed., Springer-Verlag, 217-238.

Doney, S. C., S. Yeager, G. Danabasoglu, W. G. Large, and J. C. McWilliams, 2003: Modeling oceanic interannual variability (1958-1997): Simulation design and model-data evaluation. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-452+STR, 48 pp. (5.25 MB PDF)

Doney, S. C., W. G. Large, and F. O. Bryan, 1998: Surface ocean fluxes and water-mass transformation rates in the coupled NCAR Climate System Model. J. Climate, 11, 1420-1441.

*Duffy, P. B., *B. Govindasamy, *J. P. Iorio, *J. Milovich, *K. B. Sperber, *K. E. Taylor, *M. F. Wehner, and *S. L. Thompson, 2003: High resolution simulations of global climate, part 1: present climate. Clim. Dyn., 21, 371-390.

*Drake, J. B. *P. W. Jones, and G. R. Carr, Jr., 2005: Overview of the software design of the Community Climate System Model. International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, 19(3), 177-186.

*Duffy, P. B., J. Bell, *C. Covey, and L. Sloan, 2000: Effect of flux adjustments on temperature variability in coupled models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 763-766.

*Dutton, J. F., *C. J. Poulsen, and *J. L. Evans, 2000: The effect of global climate change on the regions of tropical convection in CSM1. J. Geophys. Res., 27(19), 3049-3052.

Fasullo, J., and *D.-Z. Sun, 2001: Radiative sensitivities to tropical water vapor under all-sky conditions. J. Climate, 14, 2798-2807.

Flanner, M. G., and C. S. Zender, 2005: Snowpack radiative heating: Influence on Tibetan Plateau climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(6), L06501, doi:10.10292004GL022076.

Fournier, A., *M. A. Taylor, and J. J. Tribbia, 2004: The spectral element atmospheric model: High-resolution parallel computation and response to regional forcing.  Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 726-748.

*Friedlingstein, P., *P. Cox, *R. Betts, *L. Bopp, *W. von Bloh, *V. Brovkin, *P. Cadule, *S. Doney, M. Eby, I. Fung, *G. Bala, J. John, *C. Jones, F. Joos, *T. Kato, *M. Kawamiya, W. Knorr, K. Lindsay, H. D. Matthews, *T. Raddatz, *P. Rayner, *C. Reick, *E. Roeckner, *K.-G. Schnitzler, *R. Schnur, K. Strassmann, A. J. Weaver, *C. Yoshikawa, and N. Zeng, 2006: Climate-carbon cycle feedback analysis: Results from the C4MIP model intercomparison. J. Climate, 19, 3337-3353.

Fu, R., B. Zhu, and R. E. Dickinson, 1999: How do atmosphere and land surface influence seasonal changes on convection in the tropical Amazon? Part 1. J. Climate, 12, 1306-1321.

Fu, R., R. E. Dickinson, and B. Newkirk, 1997: Response of the upper tropospheric humidity and moisture transport to changes of tropical convection. A comparison between observations and a GCM over an ENSO cycle. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2371-2374.

Fung, I., *S. C. Doney, K. Lindsay, and J. John, 2005: Evolution of carbon sinks in a changing climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 102, 11201-11206.

*Garric, G., and M. Huber, 2003: Quasi-decadal variability in paleoclimate records: Sunspot cycles or intrinsic oscillations?  Paleoceanography, 18, doi:10.10292002PA000869.

Gent, P. R., F. O. Bryan, G. Danabasoglu, K. Lindsay, *D. Tsumune, *M. W. Hecht, and S. C. Doney, 2006: Ocean chlorofluorocarbon and heat uptake during the twentieth century in the CCSM3. J. Climate, 19(11), 2366-2381.

Gent, P. R., and G. Danabasoglu, 2004: Heat uptake and the thermohaline circulation in the Community Climate System Model, Version Two.  Journal of Climate, 17, 4058-4069.  (342 KB pdf)

Gent, P. R., A. P. Craig, C. M. Bitz, and J. W. Weatherly, 2002: Parameterization improvements in an eddy-permitting ocean model for climate. J. Climate, 15, 1447-1459.

Gent, P. R., 2001: Will the North Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation weaken during the 21st century? Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1023-1026.

Gent, P. R., W. G. Large, and F. O. Bryan, 2001: What sets the mean transport through Drake Passage?   J. Geophys. Res., 106, 2693-2712.  

Gent, P. R., F. O. Bryan, G. Danabasoglu, S. C. Doney, W. R. Holland, W. G. Large, and J. C. McWilliams, 1998: The NCAR Climate System Model global ocean component. J. Climate, 11, 1287-1306.

Gettelman, A., H. Morrison, and *S. J. Ghan, 2007: A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3). Part II: Single-column and global results.  J. Climate, submitted.

*Ghan, S. J., *T. Shippert, and J. Fox, 2006: Physically-based global downscaling: Regional evaluation. J. Climate, 19, 429-445.

*Ghan, S. J., and *T. Shippert, 2006: Physically-based global downscaling: Climate change projections for a full century. J. Climate, 19, 1589-1604.

*Ghan, S., and *T. Shippert, 2005: Load balancing and scalability of a subgrid orography scheme in a global climate model. International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, 19(3), 237-245.

*Ghan, S., X. Bian, A. Hunt, and A. Coleman, 2002: The thermodynamic influence of subgrid orography in a global climate model. Clim. Dyn., 20, doi:10.1007s00382-002-0257-5.

*Ghan, S. J., *N. Laulainen, *R. Easter, *R. Wagener, *S. Nemesure, *E. Chapman, *Y. Zhang, and *R. Leung, 2001: Evaluation of aerosol direct radiative forcing in MIRAGE. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5295-5316.

*Ghan, S. J., *R. C. Easter, J. Hudson, and *F.-M. Breon, 2001: Evaluation of aerosol indirect radiative forcing in MIRAGE. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5317-5334.

*Ghan, S. J., *R. C. Easter, *E. Chapman, H. Abdul-Razzak, *Y. Zhang, *R. Leung, *N. Laulainen, R. Saylor, and *R. Zaveri, 2001: A physically-based estimate of radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosol. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5279-5294.

*Gibbard, S., K. Caldeira, *G. Bala, *T. Phillips, and *M. Wickett, 2005: The effects of land cover changes on global climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, doi:10.1029/2005GL024550.

*Govindasamy, B., *S. Thompson, *A. Mirin, *M. Wickett, K. Caldeira, and *C. Delire, 2005: Increase of carbon cycle feedback with climate sensitivity: Results from a coupled climate and carbon cycle model. Tellus, 57(B), 153-163.

*Govindasamy, B., *K. Caldeira, and *P. B. Duffy, 2003: Geoengineering Earth's radiation balance to mitigate climate change from a quadrupling of CO₂. Global and Planetary Change, 37, 157-168.

*Govindasamy, B., *P. B. Duffy, and *J. Coquard, 2003: High-resolution simulations of global climate, Part 2: Effects of increased greenhouse gases. Clim. Dyn., 21, 391-404.

*Govindasamy, B., S. Thompson, *P. B. Duffy, *K. Caldeira, and C. Delire, 2002: Impact of geoengineering schemes on the terrestrial biosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(22), 2061, doi:10.10292002GL015911.

*Govindasamy, B., *K. E. Taylor, *P. B. Duffy, *B. D. Santer, *A. S. Grossman, and *K. E. Grant, 2001: Limitations of the equivalent CO₂ approximation in climate change simulations. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 22 593-22 603.

*Govindasamy, B., *P. B. Duffy, and *K. Caldeira, 2001: Land use changes and Northern Hemisphere cooling.  Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 291-294.

*Govindasamy, B., and *K. Caldeira, 2000: Geoengineering Earth's radiation balance to mitigate CO₂-induced climate change.  Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2141-2144.

Hack, J. J., J. M. Caron, G. Danabasoglu, K. W. Oleson, C. Bitz, and J. E. Truesdale, 2006: CCSM-CAM3 climate simulation sensitivity to changes in horizontal resolution. J. Climate, 19(11), 2267-2289.

Hack, J. J., J. M. Caron, S. G. Yeager, K. W. Oleson, M. M. Holland, J. E. Truesdale, and P. J. Rasch, 2006: Simulation of the global hydrological cycle in the CCSM Community Atmosphere Model Version 3 (CAM3): Mean features. J. Climate, 19(11), 2199-2221.

Hack, J. J., 1998:  Analysis of the improvement in implied meridional ocean energy transport as simulated by the NCAR CCM3. J. Climate, 11, 1237-1244.

Hack, J. J., J. T. Kiehl, and J. W. Hurrell, 1998: The hydrologic and thermodynamic characteristics of the NCAR CCM3. J. Climate, 11, 1179-1206.

Hahmann, A. N., 2003: Representing spatial sub-grid scale precipitation variability in a GCM. J. Hydrometeorology, 4(5), 891-900.

Hahmann, A. N., and R. E. Dickinson, 2001: A fine-mesh land approach for general circulation models and its impact on regional climate. J. Climate, 14, 1634-1646.

Hahmann, A. N., and R. E. Dickinson, 1997: RCCM2-BATS model over tropical South America: Applications to tropical deforestation. J. Climate, 10, 1944-1964.

Hahmann, A. N., D. N. Ward, and R. E. Dickinson, 1995: Land-surface temperature and radiative fluxes response of the NCAR CCM2 Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme to modifications in the properties of clouds. J. Geophys. Res., Atmos., 100, 23 239-23 252.

Harrison, S. P., J. E. Klutzbach, Z. Liu, P. J. Bartlein, B. Otto-Bliesner, *D. Muhs, I. C. Prentice, and *R. S. Thompson, 2003: Mid-Holocene climates of the Americas: A dynamical response to changed seasonality. Clim. Dyn., 20, doi:10:1007s00382-002-0300-6.

*He, Y., and *C. H. Q. Ding, 2005: Coupling multicomponent models with MPH on distributed memory computer architectures. International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, 19(3), 329-340.

*Hoffman, F. M., M. Vertenstein, *H. Kitabata, and *J. B. White, III, 2005: Vectorizing the Community Land Model. International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, 19, 247-260.

Holland, M. M., C. M. Bitz, *E. C. Hunke, *W. H. Lipscomb, and J. L. Schramm, 2006: Influence of the sea ice thickness distribution on polar climate in CCSM3. J. Climate, 19(11), 2398-2414.

Holland, M. M., 2003: An improved single-column model representation of ocean mixing associated with summertime leads: Results from a SHEBA case study. J. Geophys. Res., Oceans, 108, doi:10.10292002JC001557.

Holland, M. M., 2003: The North Atlantic Oscillation/Arctic Oscillation in the CCSM2 and its influence on Arctic climate variability. J. Climate, 16, 2767-2781.

Holland, M. M., and C. M. Bitz, 2003: Polar amplification of climate change in coupled models. Clim. Dyn., 21, 221-232, doi:s00382-003-0332-6.

Holland, W. R., and *A. Capotondi, 1999: Thermohaline circulation variability. Modeling the Earth's Climate and its Variability: Les Houches LVXIII, 1997, W. Holland, S. Joussaume, and F. David, Eds., NATO ASI Series, Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam.

Holland, W. R., J. C. Chow, and F. O. Bryan, 1998: Application of a third-order upwind scheme in the NCAR1604. ocean model. J. Climate, 11, 1487-1493.

Hu, A., B. Otto-Bliesner, G. A. Meehl, W. Han, C. Morrill*, E. C. Brady, and B. Briegleb, 2007: Response of thermohaline circulation to freshwater forcing under present day and LGM conditions.  J. Climate, revised.

Hu, A., G. A. Meehl, and W. Han, 2007: Role of the Bering Strait in the thermohaline circulation and abrupt climate change.  Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05705, doi:10.1029/2006GL028906.

Hu, A., G. A. Meehl, and W. Han, 2006: Causes of a fresher, colder northern North Atlantic in late 20th century in a coupled model.  Progress in Oceanography, 73, 384-405, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2006.07.008.

Hu, A., G. A. Meehl, and W. Han, 2004: Detecting thermohaline circulation changes from ocean properties in a coupled model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, doi:10.10292004GL020218.

Hu, A., G. A.  Meehl, W. M. Washington, and A. Dai, 2004:  Response of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation to increased atmospheric CO₂ in a coupled model.  J. Climate, 17, 4267-4279.

Huber, M., and *R. Caballero, 2003:  Eocene El Niño: Evidence for robust tropical dynamics in the "hothouse." Science, 299, 877-881.

Huber, M., L. C. Sloan, and C. Shellito, 2003: Early Paleogene oceans and climate: A fully coupled modelling approach using NCAR’s CSM. Causes and Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the Early Paleogene, S. L. Wing, P. D Gingerich, B Schmitz, and E. Thomas, Eds., Geological Society of America Special Paper, 369, 25-47.

Huber, M., 2002: Straw Man 1: A preliminary view of the tropical Pacific from a global coupled climate model simulation of early Paleogene climate. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, v. 199, M. Lyle, P. A. Wilson, T. R. Janacek, et al., Eds., chapter 3. [Available on-line at http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/199_IR/199TOC.HTM.]

Huber, M., and L. C. Sloan, 2001:  Heat transport, deep waters, and thermal gradients: Coupled simulation of an Eocene greenhouse climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3481-3484. 

Hurrell, J. W., J. J. Hack, A. S. Phillips, J. Caron, and J. Yin, 2006: The dynamical simulation of the Community Atmosphere Model Version 3 (CAM3). J. Climate, 19(11), 2162-2183.

Hurrell, J. W., and K. E. Trenberth, 1999: Global sea surface temperature analyses: Multiple problems and their implications for climate analysis, modeling and reanalysis. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 2661-2678.

Hurrell, J. W., J. J. Hack, B. A. Boville, D. L. Williamson, and J. T. Kiehl, 1998: The dynamical simulation of the NCAR Community Climate Model Version 3 (CCM3). J. Climate, 11, 1207-1236.

*Iacono, M. J., *J. S. Delamere, *E. J. Mlawer, and *S. A. Clough, 2003: Evaluation of upper tropospheric water vapor in the NCAR Community Climate Model, CCM3, using modeled and observed HIRS radiances. J. Geophys. Res., 108(D2), 4037, doi:10.10292002JD002539.

*Iacono, M. J., *E. J. Mlawer, *S. A. Clough, and *J.-J. Morcrette, 2000: Impact of an improved longwave radiation model, RRTM, on the energy budget and thermodynamic properties of the NCAR Community Climate Model, CCM3. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14 873-14 890.

*Iorio, J., *P. Duffy, *B. Govindasamy, and *S. L. Thompson, 2004: Effects of increased resolution on the simulation of daily precipitation statistics in the U.S. Clim. Dyn., 23, 243-258.

*Jacob, R., *J. Larson, *E. Ong, 2005: MxN communication and parallel interpolation in CCSM3 using the model coupling toolkit. International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, 19(3), 293-307.

*Janakiraman, S., *R. S. Nanjundiah, and *P. N. Vinayachandran, 2005: Simulations of the Indian summer monsoon with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model on PARAM Padma.  Current Science, 89(9), 1555-1562.

Jenkins, G. S., and *J. C. Mikovitz, 2003: Examining climate variability over West Africa during the 1979-1993 period: Observations and CCM3 comparisons. Clim. Dyn., 20, 503-522, doi:10.1007s00382-002-0287-z.

Jochum, M., G. Danabasoglu, M. Holland, Y-O. Kwon*, and W. G. Large, 2007: Ocean viscosity and climate. J. Geophys. Res., submitted.

Jin, M. L., R. E. Dickinson, and A. M. Vogelmann, 1997: A comparison of CCM2-BATS skin temperature and surface-air temperature with satellite and surface observations. J. Climate, 10, 1505-1524.

Kang, I.-S., K. Jin, J.-K. Kim, *K.-M. Lau, *J. Shukla, *V. Krishnamurthy, *S. D. Schubert, D. E. Waliser, W. F. Stern, *V. Satyan, *A. Kitoh, G. A. Meehl, *M. Kanamitsu, *V. Ya. Galin, A. Sumi, *G. Wu, and *Q. Liu, 2002: Intercomparison of atmospheric GCM simulated anomalies associated with the 1997-98 El Niño. J. Climate, 15, 2791-2805.

Kang, I.-S., K. Jin, B. Wang, *K.-M. Lau, *J. Shukla, *V. Krishnamurthy, *S. D. Schubert, D. E. Waliser, W. F. Stern, *A. Kitoh, G. A. Meehl, *M. Kanamitsu, *V. Ya. Galin, *V. Satyan, *C. K. Park, and *Q. Liu, 2002: Intercomparison of the climatological variations of Asian summer monsoon precipitation simulated by 10 GCMs. Clim. Dyn., 19, 383-395.

Karoly, D. J., K. Braganza, *P. A. Stott, J. Arblaster, G. Meehl, *A. Broccoli, and *K. W. Dixon, 2003: Detection of a human influence on North American climate. Science, 302, 1200-1203.

*Kato, H., *K. Nishizawa, *H. Hirakuchi, *S. Kadokura, *N. Oshima, and *F. Giorgi, 2001: Performance of RegCM2.5/NCAR-CSM nested  system for the simulation of climate change in East Asia caused by global warming. J. Meteor. Soc., Japan, 79, 99-121.

*Kerbyson, D. J., and *P. W. Jones, 2005: A performance model of the Parallel Ocean Program. International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, 19(3), 261-276.

Khairoutdinov, M. F., and D. A. Randall, 2001: A cloud resolving model as a cloud parameterization in the NCAR Community Climate System Model: Preliminary results. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3617-3620.

Kiehl, J. T., C. A. Shields, J. J. Hack, and W. D. Collins, 2006: The climate sensitivity of the Community Climate System Model Version 3 (CCSM3). J. Climate, 19(11), 2584-2596.

Kiehl, J. T., and C. Shields, 2005: Climate simulation of the latest Permian: Implications for mass extinction. Geology, 33(9), 757-760.

Kiehl, J. T., and P. R. Gent, 2004: The Community Climate System Model, Version Two.  J. Clim., 17, 3666-3682. (1.5 MB PDF)

Kiehl, J., J. Hack, P. Gent, W. Large, M. Blackmon, C. Bretherton, P. Chang, C. Bitz, S. Doney, D. McKenna, et al., cited 2003: Community Climate System Model Strategic Business Plan (2004-2008). [Available on-line from http://www.ccsm.ucar.edu/management/busplan2004-2008.pdf.]

Kiehl, J. T., J. J. Hack, G. B. Bonan, B. A. Boville, D. L. Williamson, and P. J. Rasch, 1998: The National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model: CCM3.  J. Climate, 11, 1131-1149.

Kiehl, J. T., J. J. Hack, and J. W. Hurrell, 1998:  The energy budget of the NCAR Community Climate Model:  CCM3. J. Climate, 11, 1151-1178.

Kiehl, J. T., 1998: Simulation of the tropical Pacific warm pool with the NCAR Climate System Model. J. Climate, 11, 1342-1355.

Kothavala, Z., R. J. Oglesby, and B. Saltzman, 1999: Sensitivity of equilibrium surface temperature of CCM3 to systematic changes in atmospheric CO₂. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 209-212. 

Kripalani, R. H., J. H. Oh, and H. S. Chaudhari, 2006: Response of the East Asian summer monsoon to doubled atmospheric CO₂: Coupled climate model simulations and projections under IPCC AR4. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, doi:10.1007/s00704-006-0238-4, in press.

Lamarque, J.-F., P. Hess, L. Emmons, L. Buja, W. Washington, and *C. Granier, 2005: Tropospheric ozone evolution between 1890 and 1990.  J. Geophys. Res., 110(D8), D08304, doi:10.1029/2004JD005537.

Large, W. G., and G. Danabasoglu, 2006: Attribution and impacts of upper-ocean biases in CCSM3. J. Climate, 19(11), 2325-2346.

Large, W. G., and S. G. Yeager, 2004: Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea-ice models: The data sets and flux climatologies.  NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-460+STR, 111 pp. [Available on line at http://www.library.ucar.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image/DR000601.]

Large, W. G., G. Danabasoglu, J. C. McWilliams, P. R. Gent, and F. O. Bryan, 2001: Equatorial circulation of a global ocean climate model with anisotropic horizontal viscosity.  J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 518-536.

Large, W. G., G. Danabasoglu, S. C. Doney, and J. C. McWilliams, 1997: Sensitivity to surface forcing and boundary layer mixing in the NCAR CSM ocean model: Annual-mean climatology. J. Phys. Oceanogr.,  27, 2418-2447.

*Larson, J., *R. Jacob, and *E. Ong, 2005: The model coupling toolkit: A new Fortran90 toolkit for building multiphysics parallel coupled models. International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, 19(3), 277-292.

Lawrence, D. M., A. G. Slater, V. E. Romanovsky, and D. J. Nicolsky, 2007: The sensitivity of a model projection of near-surface permafrost degration to soil column depth and inclusion of soil organic matter. J. Geophys. Res., submitted.

Lawrence, D. M., and A. G. Slater, 2007: Incorporating organic soil into a global climate model.  Clim. Dyn., doi:10.1007/s00382-007-0278-1.

Lawrence, D. M., P. E. Thornton, K. W. Oleson, and G. B. Bonan, 2007: The partitioning of evapotranspiration into transpiration, soil evaporation, and canopy evaporation in a GCM: Impacts on land-atmosphere interaction. J. Hydromet., 8, 862-880.

Levis, S., G. B. Bonan, and P. J. Lawrence, 2007: Present-day springtime high-latitude surface albedo as a predictor of simulated climate sensitivity.  Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, doi: 10.1029/2007GL30775.

Levis, S., and G. B. Bonan, 2004: Simulating springtime temperature patterns in the Community Atmosphere Model coupled to the Community Land Model using prognostic leaf area. J. Climate, 17, 4531-4540.

Levis, S., G. B. Bonan, and C. Bonfils, 2004: Soil feedback drives the mid-Holocene North African monsoon northward in fully coupled simulations with a dynamic vegetation model. Clim. Dyn., 23, 791-802, doi:1007s00382-004-0477-y.

Levis, S., G. B. Bonan, M. Vertenstein, and K. W. Oleson, 2004: The Community Land Model's Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (CLM-DGVM): Technical description and user's guide.  NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-459+IA, 50 pp. [Available on-line http://www.library.ucar.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image/DR000599.]

Levis, S., C. Wiedinmyer, G. B. Bonan, and A. Guenther, 2003: Simulating biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in the Community Climate System Model.  J. Geophys. Res., 108(D21), 4659, doi:10.10292002JD003203.

Li, T., Y. Zhang, E. Lu, and D. Wang, 2002: Relative role of dynamic and thermodynamic processes in the development of the Indian Ocean dipole: An OGCM diagnosis. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, doi:10.10292002GL05789.

Li, Z., Bhatt, U.S., Mölders, N., 2007. Impact of doubled CO2 on the interaction between the regional and global water cycle in four study regions. Clim. Dyn., doi 10.1007/s00382-007-0283-4. [Available on-line]

Li, Z., Mölders, N., 2008. Interaction of impacts of doubling CO₂ and changing regional land-cover on evaporation, precipitation, and runoff at global and regional scales. Int. J. Climatol. DOI 10.1002/joc.1666.

Liang, X.-Z., J. Pan, J. Zhu, K. E. Kunkel, J. X. L. Wang, and A. Dai, 2006: Regional climate model downscaling of the U.S. summer climate and future change. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10108, doi:10.1029/2005JD006685.

Liang, X.-Z., W.-C. Wang, and A. N. Samel, 2001: Biases in AMIP model simulations of the east China monsoon system. Clim. Dyn., 17, 291-304.

Liang, X.-Z., A. N. Samel, and W.-C. Wang, 2000: China rainfall interannual variations: Dependence on the annual cycle and surface anomalies.  J. Climate, 15, 2555-2561.

Liang, X.-Z., and W.-C. Wang, 1998: The observed fingerprint of 1980-1997 ENSO evolution in the NCAR CSM equilibrium simulation.  Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1027-1030.

*Lin, J. L., and *B. E. Mapes, 2004: Wind shear effects on cloud-radiation feedback in the western Pacific warm pool. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L16118, 10.10292004GL020199.

Liu, P., G. A. Meehl, and *G. Wu, 2003:  Multi-model trends in the Sahara induced by increasing CO₂.  Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, doi:10.10292002GL015923.

Liu, Z., E. Brady, and J. Lynch-Stieglitz, 2003: Global ocean response to orbital forcing in the Holocene. Paleoceanography, 18(2), 1041, doi:10.10292002PA000819.

Liu, Z., S.-I. Shin, B. Otto-Bliesner, J. E. Kutzbach, E. C. Brady, and D. E. Lee, 2002: Tropical cooling at the last glacial maximum and extratropical ocean ventilation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(10), doi:10.10292001GL013938.

Liu, P., W. M. Washington, G. A. Meehl, *G. Wu, and *G. L. Potter, 2001: Historical and future trends of the Sahara Desert.  Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2683-2686.

*Lobell, D., *G. Bala, *C. Bonfils, and *P. B. Duffy, 2006: Potential bias of model projected greenhouse warming in irrigated regions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L13709.

*Lobell, D., *G. Bala, and *P. B. Duffy, 2006: Biogeophysical impacts of cropland management changes on climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06708.

Loschnigg, J., G. A. Meehl, P. J. Webster, J. M. Arblaster, and *G. P. Compo, 2003:  The Asian monsoon, the Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation and the Indian Ocean Dipole in the NCAR CSM.  J. Climate, 16, 2138-2158.

Magnusdottir, G., 2001: The modeled response of the mean winter circulation to zonally averaged SST trends. J. Climate, 14, 4166-4190.

Mahowald, N., M. Yoshioka, W. Collins, A. Conley, D. Fillmore, and D. Coleman, 2006: Climate response and radiative forcing from mineral aerosols during the last glacial maximum, pre-industrial, current and doubled-carbon dioxide climates. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L20705, doi:10.1029/2006GL026126, 2006..

Mahowald, N. M., *D. R. Muhs, S. Levis, P. J. Rasch, M. Yoshioka, *C. S. Zender, and *C. Luo, 2006: Change in atmospheric mineral aerosols in response to climate: Last glacial period, pre-industrial, modern, and doubled carbon dioxide climates.  J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10202, doi:10.1029/2005JD006653.

Mahowald, N., J.-F. Lamarque, X. Tie, and *E. Wolff, 2006: Sea salt aerosol response to climate change: Last glacial maximum, pre-industrial and doubled carbon dioxide climates.  J. Geophys. Res., Atmospheres, 111, D05303, doi:10.1029/2005JD006459.

Mahowald, N., and C. Luo, 2003: A less dusty future?  Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, doi:10292003GL017880.

Maloney, E. D., and A. H. Sobel, 2006: Idealized hot spot experiments with a general circulation model. J. Climate, in press.

Maloney, E. D., and D. B. Chelton, 2006: An assessment of the SST influence on surface wind stress in numerical weather prediction and climate models. J. Climate, 19, 2743-2762.

Maloney, E. D., and S. K. Esbensen, 2005: A modeling study of summertime east Pacific wind-induced ocean-atmosphere exchange in the intraseasonal oscillation. J. Climate, 18, 568-584.

Maloney, E. D., and A. H. Sobel, 2004: Surface fluxes and ocean coupling in the tropical intraseasonal oscillation. J. Climate, 17, 4368-4386.

Maloney, E. D., 2002: An intraseasonal oscillation composite lifecycle in the NCAR CCM3.6 with modified convection. J. Climate, 15, 964-982.

Maloney, E. D., and J. T. Kiehl, 2002: Intraseasonal eastern Pacific precipitation and SST variations in a GCM coupled to a slab ocean model. J. Climate, 15, 2989-3007.

Maloney, E. D., and D. L. Hartmann, 2000: The sensitivity of intraseasonal variability in the NCAR CCM3 to changes in convective parameterization. J. Climate, 14, 2015-2034.

Martin, M., R. E. Dickinson, and Z.-L. Yang, 1999: Use of a coupled land surface general circulation model to examine the impacts of doubled stomatal resistance on the water resources of the American southwest. J. Climate, 12, 3359-3375.

Matsumoto, K., *et al., 2004: Evaluation of ocean carbon cycle models with data-based metrics.  Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L07303, doi: 10.10292003GL018970.

McKinley, G. A., T. Takahashi, *E. Buitenhuis, F. Chai, J. R. Christian, *S. C. Doney, M.-S. Jiang, K. Lindsay, J. K. Moore, *C. LeQuere, *I. Lima, R. Murtugudde, L. Shi, and *P. Wetzel, 2006: North Pacific carbon cycle response to climate variability on seasonal to decadal timescales. J. Geophys. Res-Oceans, 111, C07S06.

Meehl, G. A., J. M. Arblaster, D. M. Lawrence, *A. Seth, E. K. Schneider, B. P. Kirtman, and *D. Min, 2006: Monsoon regimes in the CCSM3. J. Climate, 19(11), 2482-2495.

Meehl, G. A., W. M. Washington, *B. D. Santer, W. D. Collins, J. M. Arblaster, A. Hu, D. M. Lawrence, H. Teng, L. E. Buja, and W. G. Strand, 2006: Climate change projections for the twenty-first century and climate change commitment in the CCSM3. J. Climate, 19(11), 2597-2616.

Meehl, G. A., C. Tebaldi, and D. Nychka, 2004:  Changes in frost days in simulations of 21^st century climate.  Clim. Dyn., 23, 495-511.

Meehl, G. A., W. M. Washington, C. Ammann, J. M. Arblaster, T. M. L. Wigley, and C. Tebaldi, 2004:  Combinations of natural and anthropogenic forcings and 20^th century climate.  J. Climate, 17, 3721-3727.

Meehl, G. A., W. M. Washington, J. M. Arblaster, and A. Hu, 2004: Factors affecting climate sensitivity in global coupled models.  J. Climate, 17, 1584-1596.

Meehl, G. A., and J. M. Arblaster, 2003:  Mechanisms of projected future changes in south Asian monsoon precipitation.  Clim. Dyn., 21,  659-675.

Meehl, G. A., J. M. Arblaster, and J. Loschnigg, 2003: Coupled ocean-atmosphere dynamical processes in the tropical Indian and Pacific Ocean regions and the TBO.  J. Climate, 16, 2138-2158.

Meehl, G. A., W. M. Washington, T. M. L. Wigley, J. M. Arblaster, and A. Dai, 2003: Mechanisms of an intensified Hadley Circulation in response to solar forcing in the 20th century. The Hadley Circulation: Past, Present and Future, H. Diaz and R. Bradley, Eds., Cambridge University Press, 489-511.

Meehl, G. A., W. M. Washington, T. M. L. Wigley, J. M. Arblaster, and A. Dai, 2003: Solar and greenhouse gas forcing and climate response in the 20th century. J. Climate, 16, 426-444.

Meehl, G. A., and J. M. Arblaster, 2002:  GCM sensitivity experiments for the Indian monsoon and tropospheric biennial oscillation transition conditions. J. Climate, 15, 923-944.

Meehl, G. A., W. D. Collins, B. A. Boville, J. T. Kiehl, T. M. L. Wigley, and J. M. Arblaster, 2000: Response of the NCAR Climate System Model to increased CO₂ and the role of physical processes. J. Climate, 13, 1879-1898.

Meehl, G. A., P. R. Gent, J. M. Arblaster, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, E. C. Brady, and A. P. Craig, 2000: Factors that affect the amplitude of El Niño in global coupled climate models. Clim. Dyn., 17, 515-526.

Meehl, G. A., and J. M. Arblaster, 1998: The Asian-Australian monsoon and El Niño-Southern Oscillation in the NCAR Climate System Model. J. Climate, 11, 1356-1385.

Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E., N. Gruber, A. R. Jacobson, *S. C. Doney, S. Dutkiewicz, M. Gerber, M. Follows, F. Joos, K. Lindsay, *D. Menemenlis, A. Mouchet, S. A. Muller, and J. L. Sarmiento, 2006: Inverse estimates of anthropogenic CO₂ uptake, transport, and storage by the ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20, GB2002.

*Mirin, A. A., and *W. B. Sawyer, 2005: A scalable implementation of a finite-volume dynamical core in the Community Atmosphere Model. International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, 19(3), 203-212.

Morrison, H., and A. Gettelman, 2007: A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3). Part I: Description and numerical tests. J. Climate, submitted.

Mu, Q., C. S. Jackson, and P. L. Stoffa, 2004: A multivariate empirical-orthogonal-function-based measure of climate model performance. J. Geophys. Res., 109(D15101), DOI:10.10292004JD004584.

Neale, R. B., J. H. Richter, and M. Jochum, 2007: The impact of convection on ENSO: From a delayed oscillator to a series of events.  J. Climate, submitted.

Nevison, C., N. Mahowald, *S. Doney, and *I. Lima, 2007a: Variability in Air-sea O2 and CO2 fluxes and its impact on atmospheric potential oxygen (APO) and the partitioning of land and ocean carbon sinks.  Biogeosciences, submitted.

Nevison, C., N. Mahowald, *S. Doney, *I. Lima, *G. van der Werf, J. Randerson, D. Baker, P. Hasibhatla, and G. McKinley, 2007b: Contribution of ocean, fossil fuel, land biosphere and biomass burning carbon fluxes to seasonal and interannual variability in atmospheric CO2.  Global Biogeochemical Cycles, accepted.

Nigam, S., C. Chung, and E. De Weaver, 2000:  ENSO diabatic heating in ECMWF and NCEP Reanalyses, and NCAR CCM3 simulation. J. Climate, 13, 3152-3171.

Nigam, S., and C. Chung, 2000:  ENSO surface winds in CCM3 simulation: Diagnosis of errors.  J. Climate, 13, 3172-3186.

Niu, G.-Y., and Z.-L. Yang, 2003: The Versatile Integrator of Surface and Atmosphere processes (VISA). Part II: Evaluation of three topography-based runoff schemes. Global and Planetary Change, 38, 191-208.

Nong, G. T., R. G. Najjar, D. Seidov, and W. H. Peterson, 2000: Simulation of ocean temperature change due to the opening of Drake Passage. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27 (17), 2689-2692.

Norris, J. R., and C. P. Weaver, 2000: Improved techniques for evaluating GCM cloudiness applied to the NCAR CCM3.  J. Climate, 14, 2540-2550.

Oh, J. H., H. S. Chaudhari, and R. H. Kripalani, 2005: Impact of IODM and ENSO on the East Asian monsoon: Simulations through NCAR Community Atmospheric Model. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 7, 240-249.

Oleson, K. W., G. B. Bonan, J. Feddema, M. Vertenstein, and C. S. B. Grimmond, 2007: An urban parameterization for a global climate model.  Part I: Formulation and evaluation for two cities. J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., in press.

Oleson, K. W., G. B. Bonan, J. Feddema, M. Vertenstein, and C. S. B. Grimmond, 2007: An urban parameterization for a global climate model.  Part II: Sensitivity to input parameters and the simulated urban heat island in offline simulations. J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., in press.

Oleson, K. W., G.-Y. Niu, Z. -L. Yang, D. M. Lawrence, P. E. Thornton, P. J. Lawrence, R. Stockli, R. E. Dickinson, G. B. Bonan, S. Levis, A. Dai, and T. Qian, 2007: Improvements to the Community Land Model and their impact on the hydrological cycle.  J. Geophys. Res., submitted.

Oleson, K. W., Y. Dai, G. Bonan, *M. Bosilovich, R. Dickinson, *P. Dirmeyer, *F. Hoffman, *P. Houser, S. Levis, G.-Y. Niu, P. Thornton, M. Vertenstein, Z.-L. Yang, and X. Zeng, 2004: Technical description of the Community Land Model (CLM). NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-461+STR, 174 pp. [Available on-line at http://www.library.ucar.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image/DR000537.]

Oleson, K. W., G. B. Bonan, C. Schaaf, F. Gao, Y. Jin, and A. Strahler, 2003: Assessment of global climate model land surface albedo using MODIS data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(8), doi:10.10292002GL016749.

Oleson, K. W., and G. B. Bonan, 2000: The effects of remotely sensed plant functional type and leaf area index on simulations of boreal forest surface fluxes by the NCAR Land Surface Model. J. Hydrometeorology, 1, 431-446.

*Orr, J. C., V. J. Fabry, *O. Aumont, *L. Bopp, *S. C. Doney, *R. A. Feely, *A. Gnanadesikan, N. Gruber, *A. Ishida, F. Joos, *R. M. Key, K. Lindsay, *E. Maier-Reimer, *R. Matear, *P. Monfray, A. Mouchet, R. G. Najjar, G.-K. Plattner, *K. B. Rodgers, *C. L. Sabine, J. L. Sarmiento, *R. Schlitzer, R. D. Slater, *I. J. Totterdell, *M.-F. Weirig, *Y. Yamanaka, and *A. Yool, 2005: Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-frist century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature, 437, 681-686.

Otto-Bliesner, B. L., E. C. Brady, G. Clauzet, R. Tomas, S. Levis, and Zav Kothavala, 2006: Last glacial maximum and holocene climate in CCSM3. J. Climate, 19(11), 2526-2544.

Otto-Bliesner, B. L., R. Tomas, E. C. Brady, C. Ammann, Z. Kothavala, and G. Clauzet, 2006: Climate sensitivity of moderate- and low-resolution versions of CCSM3 to preindustrial forcings. J. Climate, 19(11), 2567-2583.

Otto-Bliesner B. L., E. C. Brady, and C. Shields, 2002:  Late Cretaceous ocean: Coupled simulations with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Climate System Model. J. Geophys. Res., 107(D2), 4019, doi:10.10292001JD000821.

Otto-Bliesner, B. L., and E. C. Brady, 2001: Tropical Pacific variability in the NCAR Climate System Model.  J. Climate, 14, 3587-3601.

PaiMazumder, D., Miller, J., Li, Z., Walsh, J.E., Etringer, A., McCreight, J., Zhang, T., Mölders, N., 2007. Evaluation of Community Climate System Model soil temperatures using observations from Russia. Theor. Appl. Climatol., doi 10.1007/s00704-007-0350-0. [Available on-line]

*Patrinos, A., 2005: Preface. International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, 19(3), 175.

*Perovich D. K., T. C. Grenfell, B. Light, and P. V. Hobbs, 2002:  Seasonal evolution of the albedo of multiyear Arctic sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C10),  doi:10.10292000JC000438.

*Persson, P. O. G., *J.-W. Bao, and *S. Michelson, 2002: Mesoscale modeling of the wintertime boundary layer structure over the Arctic pack ice.  Preprints: 15th Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, Wadeningen, The Netherlands, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 335-338.

Pierazzo, E., A. N. Hahmann, and L. C. Sloan, 2003: Chicxulub and climate: Radiative perturbations of impact-produced S-bearing gases. Astrobiology, 3(1), 99-118.

Qu, X., and A. Hall, 2006: Assessing snow albedo feedback in simulated climate change. J. Climate, 19(11), 2617-2630.

Pitman, A. J., and M. Zhao, 2000: The relative impact of observed change in land cover and carbon dioxide as simulated by a climate model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1267-1270.

Raphael, M. N., 2003: The impact of observed sea-ice concentration on the Southern Hemisphere extratropical circulation in summer. J. Geophys. Res., Atmos., 108, 4687-4697.

Raphael, M. N., 2001: Response of the large-scale Southern Hemisphere extratropical atmospheric circulation to extremes of Antarctic sea-ice concentration in a general circulation model. Polar Geography, 25, 218-238.

Raphael, M. N., 1998: Quasi-stationary waves in the Southern Hemisphere: An examination of their simulation by the NCAR Climate System Model, with and without an interactive ocean. J. Climate, 11, 1405-1418.

Rasch, P. J., D. B. Coleman, N. Mahowald, D. J. Williamson, *S-J. Lin, B. A. Boville, and P. Hess, 2006: Characteristics of atmospheric transport using three numerical formulations for atmospheric dynamics in a single GCM. J. Climate, 19(11), 2243-2266.

Rasch, P. J., M. J. Stevens, *L. Ricciardulli, A. Dai, *A. Negri, R. Wood, B. A. Boville, B. Eaton, and J. J. Hack, 2006: A characterization of tropical transient activity in the CAM3 atmospheric hydrologic cycle. J. Climate, 19(11), 2222-2242.

*Ricciardulli, L., and *R. R. Garcia, 2000: The excitation of equatorial waves by deep convection in the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3). J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3461-3487.

Richter, J. H., and P. J. Rasch, 2007: Effects of convective momentum transport on the atmospheric circulation in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 3 (CAM3). J. Climate, accepted.

Robertson, A. W., 2001: On the influence of ocean-atmosphere interaction on the  Arctic Oscillation in two general circulation models. J. Climate, 14, 3240-3254.

Ruiz-Barradas, A., and S. Nigam, 2005: Warm-season rainfall variability over the U.S. Great Plains in observations, NCEP and ERA-40 Reanalyses, and NCAR and NASA Atmospheric Model Simulations. J. Climate, 18, 1808-1830.

*Santer, B. D., *R. Sausen, T. M. L. Wigley, *J. S. Boyle, *K. AchutaRao, *C. Doutriaux, *J. E. Hansen, G. A. Meehl, *E. Roeckner, *R. Ruedy, *G. Schmidt, and *K. E. Taylor, 2003:  Behavior of tropopause height and atmospheric temperature in models, reanalyses, and observations: Decadal changes. J. Geophys. Res., 108(D1), 4002, doi:10.10292002JD002258.

*Santer, B. D., *M. F. Wehner, T. M. L. Wigley, *R. Sausen, G. A. Meehl, *K. E. Taylor, C. Ammann, J. Arblaster, W. M. Washington, *J. S. Boyle, and W. Bruggemann, 2003: Contributions of anthropogenic and natural forcing to recent tropopause height changes.  Science, 301, 479-483.

*Santer, B. D., T. M. L. Wigley, G. A. Meehl, *M. F. Wehner, *C. Mears, *M. Schabel, *F. J. Wentz, C. Ammann, J. Arblaster, T. Bettge, W. M. Washington, *K. E. Taylor, *J. S. Boyle, W. Bruggemann, and *C. Doutriaux, 2003:  Influence of satellite data uncertainties on the detection of externally-forced climate change. Science, 300, 1280-1284.

*Santer, B. D., T. M. L. Wigley, *C. Doutriaux, *J. S. Boyle, *J. E. Hansen, P. D. Jones, G. A. Meehl, *E. Roeckner, *S. Sengupta, and *K. E. Taylor, 2001: Accounting for the effects of volcanoes and ENSO in comparisons of modeled and observed temperature trends.  J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28,033-28,059.

*Santer, B. D., T. M. L. Wigley, *D. J. Gaffen, *L. Bengtsson, *C. Doutriaux, *J. S. Boyle, *M. Esch, *J. J. Hnilo, P. D. Jones, G. A. Meehl, *E. Roeckner, *K. E. Taylor, and *M. F. Wehner, 2000: Interpreting differential temperature trends at the surface and in the lower troposphere. Science, 287, 1227-1232.

Saravanan, R., 1998:  Atmospheric low-frequency variability and its relationship to midlatitude SST variability: Studies using the NCAR Climate System Model. J. Climate, 11, 1386-1404.

Sarmiento, J. L., *et al., 2004: Response of ocean ecosystems to climate warming. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 18, GB3003, doi:10292003GB002134.

*Schneider, B., *L. Bopp, *M. Gehlen, *J. Segschneider, T.L. Frölicher, *P. Cadule, *P. Friedlingstein, *S.C. Doney, M.J. Behrenfeld, and F. Joos, 2008: Climate-induced interannual variability of marine primary and export production in three global coupled climate carbon cycle models, Biogeosciences, 5, 597-614.

*Schneider, E. K., 2001: The causes of differences between equatorial Pacific SST simulations of two coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models. COLA Technical Report 98 [available from COLA, 4041 Powder Mill Road, Suite 302, Calverton, MD 20705].

*Schneider, E. K., 2001: The causes of differences between equatorial Pacific SST simulations of two coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models. J. Climate, 15, 449-469.

Sen, O. L., L. A. Bastidas, W. J. Shuttleworth, Z.-L. Yang, H. V. Gupta, and S. Sorooshian, 2001: Impact of field-calibrated vegetation parameters on GCM climate simulations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1199-1223.

Shellito, C., L. C. Sloan, and M. Huber, 2003: Climate model constraints on atmospheric CO₂ levels in the early-middle Palaeogene.  Palaeogeog., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 193, 113-123.

Shin, Sang-Ik, Z. Liu, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, J. E. Kutzbach, and S. J. Vavrus, 2003: Southern Ocean sea-ice control of the glacial North Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(2), 1096, doi:10.10292002GL015513.

Shin, S.-I., Z. Liu, B. Otto-Bliesner, E. C. Brady, J. E. Kutzbach, and S. P. Harrison, 2003: A simulation of the last glacial maximum climate using the NCAR-CCSM. Clim. Dyn., 20, 127-151, doi:10.1007s00382-002-0260-x.

Smith, L. M., G. H. Miller, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, and S. Shin, 2003:  Sensitivity of the Northern Hemisphere climate system to extreme changes in Holocene Arctic sea ice. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22, 645-658.

*Solomon, A., and I. Wainer, 2005: Tropical-extratropical thermocline water mass exchanges in the CCSM3. Part II: The Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, submitted.

*Song, Y. T., and *Y. Chao, 2000: An embedded bottom boundary layer formulation for z-coordinate ocean models. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 17, 546-560.

Spall, M. A., R. A. Weller, and P. W. Furey, 2000: Modelling the three-dimensional upper ocean heat budget and subduction rate during the subduction experiment.  J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26 151-26 166.

*Sperber, K. R., 2004: Madden-Julian variability in NCAR CAM2.0 and CCSM2.0. Clim. Dyn., 23, 259-278 doi: 10.1007s00382-004-0447-4).

Stockli, R., D. M. Lawrence, G. -Y. Niu, K. W. Oleson, P. E. Thornton, Z. -L. Yang, G. B. Bonan, A. S. Denning, and S. W. Running, 2007: The use of fluxnet in the Community Land Model development.  J. Geophys. Res., submitted.

*Sun, D.-Z., and *T. Zhang, 2006: A regulatory effect of ENSO on the time-mean thermal stratification of the equatorial upper ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07710, doi:10.1029/2005GL025296.

*Sun, D.-Z., *T. Zhang, *C. Covey, *S. Klein, W. D. Collns, J. J. Hack, J. T. Kiehl, G. A Meehl, *I. M. Held, and *M. Suarez, 2006: Radiative and dynamical feedbacks over the equatorial cold tongue: Results from nine atmospheric GCMs. J. Climate, 19, 4059-4074.

*Sun, D.-Z., 2004: The control of meridional differential heating over the level of ENSO activity: A heat-pump hypothesis. Earth's Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, C. Wang, S.-P. Xie, and J. Carton, Eds., American Geophysical Union, 147, 71-83.

*Sun, D.-Z., *T. Zhang, and *S.-I. Shin, 2004: The effect of subtropical cooling on the amplitude of ENSO: A numerical study. J. Climate, 17, 3786-3798.

*Sun, D.-Z., J. Fasullo, *T. Zhang, and *A. Roubicek, 2003: On the radiative and dynamical feedbacks over the Equatorial cold-tongue. J. Climate, 16, 2425-2432. 

*Sun, D.-Z., 2003: A possible effect of an increase in the warm-pool SST on the magnitude of El Niño warming. J. Climate, 16, 185-205.

*Sun, D.-Z., *C. Covey, and R. S. Lindzen, 2001: Vertical correlations of water vapor in GCMs. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 259-262.

*Sun, D.-Z., and K. E. Trenberth, 1998: Coordinated heat removal from the equatorial Pacific during the 1986-87 El Niño. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2659-2662.

*Sun, Y., *S. Solomon, A. Dai, and *R. Portmann, 2006: How often does it rain? J. Climate, 19, 916-934.

Taschetto, A. S., and I. Wainer, 2002: A influência dos gases estufa nas variáveis de superfície marinha no oceano Atlântico Sul: Estudo Climatológico. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, in press.

Taschetto, A. S., and I. Wainer, 2002: Estudo Climatológico dos Parâmetros de Superfície Marinha no Atlântico Sudoeste. Brazilian Journal of Meteorology, 17(2), 229-242.

*Thompson, S. L., *B. Govindasamy, *A. Mirin, *K. Caldeira, C. Delire, *J. Milovich, *M. Wickett, and *D. Erickson, 2004: Quantifying the effects of CO₂-fertilized vegetation on future global climate and carbon dynamics. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23211, doi:10.10292004GL021239.

Tian, Y., R. E. Dickinson, L. Zhou, R. B. Myneni, M. Friedl, C. B. Schaaf, M. Carroll, and F. Gao, 2004: Land boundary conditions from MODIS data and consequences for the albedo of a climate model.  Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(5), doi:10.10292003GL019104.

Tian, Y., R. E. Dickinson, L. Zhou, X. Zeng, Y. Dai, R. B. Myneni, Y. Knyazikhin, X. Zhang, M. Friedl, H. Yu, W. Wu, and M. Shaikh, 2004: Comparison of seasonal and spatial variations of leaf area index and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Common Land Model. J. Geophys. Res., 109(D1), doi:10.10292003JD003777.

Timmermann, A., Y. Okumura, S. -I. An, A. Clement, B. Dong, E. Guilyardi, A. Hu, J. Jungclaus, U. Krebs, M. Renold, T. F. Stocker, R. J. Stouffer, R. Sutton, S. -P. Xie, and J. Yin, 2007: The influence of a weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation on ENSO. J. Climate, in press.

*Tsutsui, J., 2002: Implications of anthropogenic climate change for tropical cyclone activity: A case study with the NCAR CCM2. <>  Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80, 45-65.

*Tsutsui, J., and A. Kasahara, 1996: Simulated tropical cyclones using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (CCM2).   J. Geophys. Res., 101(D10), 15 013-15 032.

Trenberth, K. E., and B. L. Otto-Bliesner, 2003: Toward integrated reconstruction of past climates.  Science, 300, 589-591.

Trenberth, K. E., A. Dai, R. M. Rasmussen, and D. B. Parsons, 2003: The changing character of precipitation. Bull Amer. Meteor. Soc, 84, 1205-1217.

Trenberth, K. E., J. M. Caron, and D. P. Stepaniak, 2001: The atmospheric energy budget and implications for surface fluxes and ocean heat transports.  Clim. Dyn., 17, 259-276.

Vavrus, S., 2001: A comparison of feedback processes in the Arctic during past and future warm climates. 6th Conference on Polar Meteorology and Oceanography, San Diego, CA, American Meteorological Society, 5-8.

Wainer, I., A. S. Taschetto, B. Otto-Bliesner, and E. Brady, 2004: A numerical study of the impact of greenhouse gases on the South Atlantic Ocean climatology. Climate Change, 66, 163-189.

Wainer, I. , A. Lazar, and *A. Solomon, 2005: Tropical-extratropical thermocline water mass exchanges in the CCSM3. Part I: The Atlantic Ocean . J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, submitted.

Wainer, I., A. S. Taschetto, J. Soares, A. P. Oliveira, B. Otto-Bliesner, and E. Brady, 2003: Intercomparison of heat fluxes in the South Atlantic. Part I: The seasonal cycle. J. Climate, 16, 706-714.

Wainer, I., and S. A. Venegas, 2002: South Atlantic multidecadal variability in the Climate System Model. J. Climate, 15(12), 1408-1420.

Wainer, I., P. R. Gent, and *G. Goni, 2000: The annual cycle of the Brazil-Malvinas confluence region in the NCAR Climate System Model.  J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26 167-26 177.

Waliser, D. E., K. Jin, I.-S. Kang, W. F. Stern, *S. D. Schubert, *K.-M. Lau, M.-I. Lee, *J. Shukla, *V. Krishnamurthy, *V. Satyan, *A. Kitoh, G. A. Meehl, *V. Ya. Galin, *G. Wu, *Y. Liu, and *C.-K. Park, 2003: AGCM simulations of intraseasonal variability associated with the Asian Summer Monsoon. Clim. Dyn., 21, 423-446.

*Weatherly, J. W., B. P. Briegleb, W. G. Large, and J. A. Maslanik, 1998: Sea ice and polar climate in the NCAR CSM. J. Climate, 11, 1472-1486.

Wei, X., A. N. Hahmann, R. E. Dickinson, Z.-L. Yang, X. Zeng, K. J. Schaudt, C. B. Schaaf, and N. Strugnell, 2001: Comparison of the albedo computed by land surface models and their evaluation against remotely sensed data. J. Geophys. Res., 106(D18), 20 687-20 702.

Wilby, R. L., and T. M. L. Wigley, 2002: Future changes to the distribution of daily precipitation totals across North America. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, doi:10.10292001GL013048.

*Worley, P. H., and *J. B. Drake, 2005: Performance portability in the physical parameterizations of the Community Atmospheric Model. International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, 19(3), 187-201.

Wu. W., G. Danabasoglu, and W. G. Large, 2007: On the effects of parameterized Mediterranean overflow on North Atlantic ocean circulation and climate.  Ocean Modelling, 19, 31-32, doi: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2007.06.003.

Wu, X., X.-Z. Liang, and G.-J. Zhang, 2003: Seasonal migration of ITCZ precipitation across the equator: Why can’t GCMs simulate it? Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(15), 1824, doi:10.10292003GL017198.
664 KB PDF

*Xie, S. C., M. H. Zhang, et al. 2004: Impact of revised convective triggering mechanism on CAM2 simulations: Results from short-range weather forecasts. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14102, doi:10292004JD004692.

*Xie, S. C., and M. H. Zhang, 2000: Impact of the convection triggering function on single-column model simulations.  J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14 983-14 996.

Yang, Z.-L., D. Gochis, W. J. Shuttleworth, and G.-Y. Niu, 2003: The impact of sea surface temperature on the North American monsoon: A GCM study. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(2), 1033, doi:10.10292002GL015628.

Yang, Z.-L., and G.-Y. Niu, 2003: The Versatile Integrator of Surface and Atmosphere processes (VISA). Part 1: Model description. Global and Planetary Change, 38, 175-189.  

Yang, Z.-L., D. Gochis, and W. J. Shuttleworth, 2001: Evaluation of the simulations of the North American monsoon in the NCAR CCM3. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1211-1214.

Yang, Z.-L., R. E. Dickinson, A. N. Hahmann, et al., 1999: Simulation of snow mass and extent in general circulation models. Hydrol. Process, 13, 2097-2113.

Yang, Z.-L., R. E. Dickinson, W. J. Shuttleworth, and M. Shaikh, 1998:  Treatment of soil, vegetation and snow in land-surface models: A test of the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme with the HAPEX-MOBILHY, ABRACOS, and Russian Data. J. Hydrology, 212-213, 109-127.

Yeager, S. G., C. A. Shields, W. G. Large, and J. J. Hack, 2006: The Low-Resolution CCSM3. J. Climate, 19(11), 2545-2566.

Yin, J. H., 2005: A consistent poleward shift of the storm tracks in simulations of 21st century climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, doi:10.1029/2005GL023684.

Yin, J. H., and D. S. Battisti, 2001: The importance of tropical sea surface temperature patterns in simulations of last glacial maximum climate. J. Climate, 14, 565-581.

Yoshioka, M., N. M. Mahowald, A. J. Conley, W. D. Collins, D. W. Fillmore, *C. S. Zender, and D. B. Coleman, 2006: Impact of desert dust radiative forcing on Sahel precipitation: Relative importance of dust compared to sea surface temperature variations, vegetation changes and greenhouse gas warming. J. Climate, 20, 1445-1467.

Yu, R., W. Li, X. Zhang, Y. Liu, Y. Yu, H. Liu, and T. Zhou, 2000: Climate features related to eastern China summer rainfalls in the NCAR CCM3.  Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 17, 503-518.

Zender, C. S., 1999: Global climatology of abundance and solar absorption of oxygen collision complexes. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 24 471-24 484.

Zeng, X., M. Shaikh, Y. Dai, R. E. Dickinson, and R. Myneni, 2002: Coupling of the Common Land Model to the NCAR Community Climate Model. J. Climate, 14, 1832-1854.

Zeng, X., and Y. He, 2001: Observational and modeling study on the relationship between sea surface temperature and evaporation over the tropical Pacific. Dynamics of Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation and Climate, China Meteorological Press, 508-520.

Zeng, X., M. Zhao, and R. E. Dickinson, 1998: Intercomparison of bulk aerodynamic algorithms for the computation of sea surface fluxes using the TOGA COARE and TAO data. J. Climate, 11, 2628-2644.

Zeng, X., Y.-J. Dai, R. E. Dickinson, and M. Shaikh, 1998: The role of root distribution for land climate simulation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4533-4536.

Zhang, C., M. Dong, H. H. Hendon, E. D. Maloney, A. Marshall, K. R. Sperber, and W. Wang, 2006: Simulations of the Madden-Julian Oscillation in four pairs of coupled and uncoupled models. Clim Dyn., in press.

Zhang, G. J., and H. Wang, 2006: Toward mitigating the double ITCZ problem in NCAR CCSM3. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06709, doi:10.1029/2005GL025229.

Zhang, G. J., and M. Mu, 2005: Simulation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation in the NCAR CCM3 using a revised Zhang-McFarlane convection parameterization scheme. J. Climate, 18, 4049-4067.

Zhang, G. J., and M. Mu, 2005: Effects of modifications to the Zhang-McFarlane convection parameterization on the simulation of the tropical precipitation in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model, version 3. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09109, doi:10.1029/2004JD005617.

Zhang, J., U. S. Bhatt, W. V. Tangborn, and C. S. Lingle, 2007: Response of glaciers in northwestern North America to future climate change: An atmospheric/glacier hierarchical modeling approach. Annals of Glaciology, 46, 283-290.

Zhang, M. H., W. Y. Lin, C. Bretherton, J. J. Hack, and P. J. Rasch, 2003: A modified formulation of fractional stratiform condensation rate in the NCAR Community Atmospheric Model CAM2. J. Geophys. Res., 108(D1) 4035, doi:10.10292002JD002523.

*Zhang, T., and *D.-Z. Sun, 2008: What causes the excessive response of clear-sky greenhouse effect to El Nino warming in Community Atmosphere Models?  J. Geophys. Res., 113, D02108, doi:10.1029/2007JD009247.

*Zhang, T., and *D.-Z. Sun, 2006: Response of water vapor and clouds to El Nino warming in three NCAR models. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D17103, doi:10.1029/2005JD006700.

Zhao, M., and A. J. Pitman, 2002: The impact of land cover change and increasing carbon dioxide on the extreme and frequency of maximum temperature and convective precipitation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 21-24.

Zhao, M., and A. J. Pitman, 2002: The regional scale impact of land cover change simulated with a climate model. International J. Climatology, 22, 271-290.

Zhao, M., A. J. Pitman, and T. Chase, 2001: The impact of land cover change on the atmospheric circulation. Clim. Dyn., 17, 467-477.

Zhao, M., A. J. Pitman, and T. Chase, 2001: Climatic effects of land cover change at different carbon dioxide levels. Climate Research, 17, 1-18.

Zhou, L., R. E. Dickinson, *K. Ogawa, Y. Tian, M. Jin, *T. Schmugge, and E. Tsvetsinskaya, 2003: Relations between albedos and emissivities from MODIS and ASTER data over North African Desert. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(20), 2026, doi:10.10292003GL018069. 

Zhou, L., R. E. Dickinson, Y. Tian, M. Jin, *K. Ogawa, H. Yu, and *T. A. Schmugge, 2003: A sensitivity study of climate and energy balance simulations with use of satellite-derived emissivity data over Northern Africa and the Arabian peninsula. J. Geophys. Res., 108(D24), 4795, doi:10.10292003JD004083. 

Zhou, L., R. E. Dickinson, Y. Tian, X. Zeng, Y. Dai, Z. –L. Yang, C. B. Schaaf, F. Gao, Y. Jin, A. Strahler, R. B. Myneni, H. Yu, W. Wu, and M. Shaikh, 2003: Comparison of seasonal and spatial variations of albedos from Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Common Land Model.  J. Geophys. Res., 108(D15), 4488, doi:10.10292002JD003326.

*Zhou, S., *V. Balaji, *C. Cruz, *A. daSilva, C. Hill, E. Kluzek, *S. Smithline, *A. Trayanov, and *W. Yang, 2006: Cross-organization interoperability experiments of weather and climate models with the Earth System Modeling Framework. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, in press.

*Zhou, T., and *R. Yu, 2006: Twentieth century surface air temperature over china and the globe simulated by coupled climate models.  J. Climate, 19, 5843-5858.

*Zhou, T., and *R. Yu, 2004: Sea-surface temperature induced variability of the Southern Annular Mode in an atmospheric general circulation model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L24206, doi:10.10292004GL021473.